Verification record
Every claim in this article was checked against the abstracts of the papers it cites, by a separate pass that was given those abstracts and nothing else. A claim marked supported carries the sentence that supports it, quoted verbatim below.
- References
- 14
- Claims checked
- 6
- Fully supported
- 5
- Checked on
- Sep 30, 2026
Claim by claim
Signal grass dry matter yield was highest at the 5 and 10 tonnes per hectare sludge rates, reported as a 37-58% response.
SupportedField trialField trial
“Overall, the highest dry matter yield (37-58%) was produced by 5.0 and 10.0 t.ha-1 rates, respectively.”
The abstract explicitly states that the highest dry matter yield (37-58%) was produced by the 5.0 and 10.0 t.ha-1 sludge application rates.
Checked by google/gemini-3.8-flash on Sep 30, 2026
At 5-10 tonnes per hectare, the trial reported soil organic matter up 169-254%, soil organic carbon up 534-643%, cation exchange capacity up 37-91% and electrical conductivity up 10-27%.
SupportedField trialField trial
“At 5–10 t.ha-1, soil organic matter, soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity, for example, improved by 169–254%, 534–643%, 37–91%, and 10–27%.”
The abstract directly confirms the reported percentage increases for soil organic matter, soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity at rates of 5–10 t.ha-1.
Checked by google/gemini-3.8-flash on Sep 30, 2026
Soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur rose by 41-52%, 144-267%, 188-325% and 750-1,250% respectively at the 5-10 tonnes per hectare rates.
SupportedField trialField trial
“At 5–10 t.ha-1, soil organic matter, soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity, for example, improved by 169–254%, 534–643%, 37–91%, and 10–27%. Similarly, N, P, K, and S were increased by 41–52%, 144–267%, 188–325%, and 750–1,250%.”
The text directly reports that N, P, K, and S increased by these exact percentage ranges at 5–10 t.ha-1.
Checked by google/gemini-3.8-flash on Sep 30, 2026
In the same trial, copper, lead, cadmium and chromium were higher than standard permissible limits, and accumulation in soil and biomass was evident, although the authors state their soil parameter data did not support possible mobility.
SupportedField trialField trial
“Among the potentially toxic metals, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Cr were higher than standard permissible limits. Overall, the highest dry matter yield (37-58%) was produced by 5.0 and 10.0 t.ha-1 rates, respectively. Although accumulation in soil and biomass of metals was evident, the soil parameter data did not support possible mobility.”
The abstract directly confirms that Cu, Pb, Cd, and Cr exceeded permissible limits and that metal accumulation was evident without soil parameter data supporting mobility.
Checked by google/gemini-3.8-flash on Sep 30, 2026
The trial had five replicates per treatment over a single six-month period at one site, and compared sludge only against a zero-rate control, not against mineral fertiliser.
Partially supportedField trialField trial
“A field trial was conducted with four rates of amendments (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10 t.ha-1) as treatments by growing signal grass to investigate the potential use of solid piggery sludge to improve its productivity. The treatments were replicated five times (n = 5) and set up in a completely randomized block design. The plants were harvested after six months”
The abstract describes five replicates, a six-month duration, and rates of 0 to 10 t.ha-1 of sludge, but it does not explicitly specify 'at one site' or explicitly state that it was not compared against mineral fertiliser.
Checked by google/gemini-3.8-flash on Sep 30, 2026
The authors concluded that 5 tonnes per hectare was crucial for signal grass production, although the highest yields were reported at both 5 and 10 tonnes per hectare.
SupportedField trialField trial
“Overall, the highest dry matter yield (37-58%) was produced by 5.0 and 10.0 t.ha-1 rates, respectively. Although accumulation in soil and biomass of metals was evident, the soil parameter data did not support possible mobility. Therefore, 5.0 t.ha-1 was found to be crucial for signal grass production.”
The abstract directly confirms that 5.0 and 10.0 t.ha-1 produced the highest dry matter yield and concludes that 5.0 t.ha-1 was crucial for signal grass production.
Checked by google/gemini-3.8-flash on Sep 30, 2026
What this does and does not prove
It proves that every DOI cited resolves to a real registered work whose returned DOI matches the one requested, that none of them is retracted, and that each claim has a named sentence in a cited abstract behind it.
It does not prove that the paper as a whole supports the claim. An abstract can overstate its own findings, and a sentence can be read out of context. That is why the quote is printed here rather than summarised: if the check is wrong, you can see that it is wrong.
Evidence grading is automatic and conservative. Anything it cannot classify is marked unclassified rather than flattered upward.